America’s top ace
of World War I and a pioneer
in commercial aviation, Edward
"Eddie"
Rickenbacker was born in
Columbus, Ohio, in 1890. His
father died when he was
twelve,
and
he began working at a garage
repairing automobiles. Soon,
he decided to leave school
to take a
correspondence course in
engineering so he could move
up in the automobile field.
Rickenbacker moved fast in the
world of automobiles and went
from garage mechanic to sales
before he
settled into auto racing in
1910. For the next six years,
he was one of the nation’s
top
racecar drivers. He raced in
the Indianapolis 500 and
established the world record
of
134
miles per hour (216 kilometers
per hour) at a race at Daytona
Beach, Florida.
When the United
States entered World War I
in April 1917, Rickenbacker
decided to apply
for
flight school with the U.S.
Army Air Service. He was
rejected because he was too
old and
did not
have a college education.
Instead, he
joined the Army and because of
his fame as a driver, he was
assigned to the post
of
personal driver to General
John Pershing. This post
offered him opportunities to
meet many
of
the most important officers of
the war, including Billy
Mitchell, combat air
commander of the
American Expeditionary Forces.
While driving Mitchell,
Rickenbacker was able to
convince
Mitchell to transfer him to
flight school.
Rickenbacker received his
wings after 17 days of
training and was assigned to
the 94th Aero
Squadron
based outside of Toule,
France. After coaching by ace
Raoul Lufbery, he had his
first
shared victory on April 29,
1918, and his first solo on
May 7.
Flying Nieuport 28 and Spad
XIII aircraft, Rickenbacker
scored 24 more victories
before the
war
ended. His fighting technique
was to fly close to the enemy
aircraft, closer than others
dared, and then fire his guns.
Occasionally, his gun jammed
and he escaped only due to
good
luck.
He lost several planes and
sometimes returned to base
with a fuselage full of bullet
holes
and
once with a mark on his helmet
from a passing enemy bullet.
But his luck always held up,
even
on September 25, when he
single-handedly attacked a
flight of 5 Fokker
D.VIIs and
2
Halberstadt CL.IIs and downed
one of each type of plane.
For
this action he received the
Medal of Honor--the highest
medal given by the U.S.
military.
When
the Armistice was declared he
was flying over the trenches,
and down below in
"No
Man’s Land" he saw soldiers of
both sides celebrating as
"friends never to shoot at
each
other again."
Rickenbacker returned to the
United States a national hero,
a position he knew was
fleeting.
He
was promoted to the rank of
major, but he felt that the
captain’s rank was the one he
had
earned and used that title for
the rest of his life.
Note: More
Thinking outside the box!
Rickenbacker
turned down
offers for commercial
endorsements and movie roles,
although
he was broke.
And
he also found that the
aviation industry did not
have a place for him.
Instead
he returned to the automobile
industry and started the
Rickenbacker Motor Company,
serving as
vice president and director of
sales.
When the company failed due
to the recession in 1925,
Rickenbacker used a loan
from
a friend to buy a majority
share in the Indianapolis
Motor Speedway.
He
served as the speedway’s
president until after World
War II, a job that allowed him
to
pursue other opportunities on
the side.
Rickenbacker
was a popular speaker,
traveling the country
promoting aviation.
Twenty-five different cities
credited him with helping to
persuade their local
governments
to
develop airports. He also
started a comic strip called
Ace Drummond and published
his
World War I memoirs, Fighting
the Flying Circus.
In 1926, Rickenbacker joined
the commercial aviation
industry.
He
founded Florida Airways, which
he soon sold to Pan
American Airlines,
before becoming vice president
with General Aviation
Corporation (formerly Fokker).
In
1933, he joined North
American Aviation as a
vice president and general
manager
of
the subsidiary Eastern Air
Transport- eventually
reorganized as Eastern
Air Lines.
Rickenbacker arrived at
Eastern in February 1934, just
as the government was
canceling
federal airmail
contracts--the Army Air
Corps would take over the
routes.
To
demonstrate that the airlines
were better qualified to carry
the mail than the army,
Rickenbacker flew the only Douglas DC-1 ever
built coast to coast on
February 18-19, 1934,
for a
transcontinental record of
just over 13 hours.
Under
his leadership, Eastern grew
and showed its first profit in
years.
He
improved salaries, working
conditions, and maintenance
and passenger service.
He
replaced the aging fleet with
new 14-passenger DC-2s.
To
inaugurate the fleet,
Rickenbacker broke a record
flying the DC-2, Florida
Flyer,
from
Los Angeles to Miami. The
airline was reborn.
In 1938,
Rickenbacker joined with
several associates and
purchased Eastern.
He
was elected president and
general manager. The new
Eastern Airlines worked
to develop
a weather reporting and
analysis system. It also
reduced fares.
And
Eastern became the first
airline to become a bonded
carrier, meaning it could
transport
goods
into the United States. It
also operated free of
government subsidies, for some
time...
the only
airline to do so.
By 1942,
Eastern was serving 40 cities
with a fleet of 40 DC-3s.
But
World War II meant big changes
for the company. Eastern now
had to give half its fleet
to the
government for military use.
Many pilots also left to serve
in the Army Air Corps.
Rickenbacker volunteered to
serve his country again—this
time as a non-military
observer
for
Secretary of War Henry
Stinson.
On a
salary of a dollar a year and
retaining his title of
captain, Rickenbacker toured
air bases
around the
world to evaluate their
operations and build morale.
Note: Here is the info
from which
"Old
Man and Bucket
of Shrimp" was
written:
During a late 1942 tour of
bases in the Pacific,
the
B-17 Rickenbacker was flying
in ran out of fuel.
The
crew ditched the plane in the
ocean,
but
in the confusion forgot the
emergency rations.
The
eight men then spent 22 days
on three rafts without food or
water.
Wearing his business suit and
fedora, Rickenbacker took over
leadership of the group--
yelling and insulting the men
to keep them in order.
He
made them pray every night,
convinced that God had a
purpose in keeping them alive.
He
used his fedora to collect the
rainwater wrung out of
clothes.
The
salt water corroded the few
weapons they had, so they
lived on fish,
until
one day a seagull
landed on Rickenbacker’s head.
He reached
up, twisted its neck, and the
crew shared it for dinner.
Three
weeks later, a Navy patrol plane
found the crew.
Eddie
Rickenbacker was back in the
news, his luck having gotten
him
through another adventure. Yet
he refused to go home to
recover;
he
wanted to finish his mission.
Later, he returned to
Washington to brief
Secretary Stinson on
recommendations for survival
equipment to be added
to
all Air Corps planes
immediately.
Among
the recommendations were a
rubber sheet to protect the
crew
from
the sun and catch water, and
seawater distilling kits.
Both
items are still standard issue
on U.S. military lifeboats and
airplane life rafts.
After the war, Rickenbacker
focused on Eastern Airlines
again
as it returned to normal
operations.
He
expanded routes and updated
the fleet with Lockheed
Constellations and Douglas
DC-4s.
He
resisted the change to
jetliners, wanting to let his
competitors test the new
technology first.
He
was forced to hire female
flight attendants, something
he had been resisting for 20
years.
And
he battled government
regulation of the industry,
saying all it did was create
more
red
tape and discourage new
companies.
In 1953,
after 25 years of service,
Rickenbacker moved up to
chairman of the board
of
Eastern Airlines. He found it
difficult to give control to
the new president,
especially as business became
tougher due to competition.
Finally in 1963, he retired to
a ranch in Texas with his wife
Adelaide.
The
couple found it too remote and
after five years moved to
Florida.
During a visit to Switzerland
in July 1973, "America’s Ace
of Aces" died of pneumonia.
--Pamela Feltus
Sources and further reading:
Rickenbacker, Edward V.
Rickenbacker. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1967.
Fighting the Flying Circus.
Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1997.
Yenne, Bill. Legends of Flight:
National Aviation Hall of Fame.
Lincolnwood, Ill.:
Publications
Ltd., 1997.
On-line sources and
references: Glines,
C.V. "Charmed Life of Captain
Eddie
Rickenbacker."
Aviation History, January
1999.
Available at http://www.historynet.com/magazines/aviation_history.
"Eddie Rickenbacker." National
Aviation Hall of Fame.
www.nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/rickenbacker.html
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